View Academics in Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis on Academia.edu. And why not detect the energy of the secondary particle? At the Eindhoven University of Technology Cyclotron Laboratory analysis of light elements in a heavy matrix, e.g. Clayton VIC 3168, Using nuclear techniques to sustain good health, Neutron Activation Analysis and Neutron irradiation. In particular, the techni-que can be applied to studying materials with light and medium elements in a heavy matrix, such as trace- hydrogen analysis in solid samples [3–6]. Despite its less advantageous performance with respect to its lower depth resolution, lower analyzable depth, comparable sensitivity, and more restricting irradiation and detection geometry, some ERDA features have made its development in ion beam analysis (IBA) laboratories worldwide easier; these are simultaneous access to 1H and 2H depth distributions, access to single‐ended Van de Graaff accelerators compared with tandem accelerators or cyclotrons, and the ability to be combined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) (see Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy). ANSTO Synroc is a titanate ceramic designed for the immobilisation of high-level radioactive waste from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA): ERDA is the measurement of recoiling atoms following elastic nuclear collisions at a glancing angle. From a theoretical analysis of the physical process, we discuss the choice of the best experimental configuration for solid surface examination and particularly the advantages of the transmission geometry. We give the results of a study using Monte Carlo ion interaction codes to simulate and optimize elastic recoil detection analysis for {sup 3}He buildup in tritide films. This technique is known by several different names. Quiz Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) 30m. Cite this chapter as: Sekiba D. (2018) Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. Keywords: ion beam analysis, elastic recoil detection, time of flight detector, gas ionisation detector, stopping force, surface analysis, depth resolution ABSTRACT Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) with heavy ion beams has evolved into a universal ion beam analysis (IBA) method for simultaneous analysis of almost all elements, with an essentially constant detection sensitivity. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is a complementary technique to Rutherford Backscattering. The energy of the recoiling atoms is analyzed by a surface barrier detector to create a spectrum of the recoil atoms as shown in Fig. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) is a ion beam analysis technique for quantitative analysis of light elements in solids. ppt-ppm. It is used principally as a method for measuring hydrogen in thin layers, and in the near-surface region of materials. ANSTO - Sydney Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) When a MeV He ion beam incident on a sample with H and D, the H and D in the sample will be scattered in the forward direction. The large hydrogen surface peak was not much affected after the drying, but atmospheric recontamination could not be avoided. sensitivity of Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) is increased at smaller recoil angles and it is advantageous to select M 1 ˛M 2. This is elastic recoil detection. … Dhunna R(1), Jain IP, Sahajwalla V. Author information: (1)Center for Non-Conventional Energy Resources, 14-Vigyan Bhawan, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. The lateral resoltion is currently 10-um and the depth resolution is 200 nm. Academic & Science » Electronics. Abstract. The main advantage of heavy‐ion ERDA and quite unique feature among analysis techniques is the fact that all sample elements can be depth profiled in one measurement by single detector telescope. By means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the interpretation and reliability of the results have increased greatly over the last few years. Quiz Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) 30m. Add to My List Edit this Entry Rate it: (5.00 / 4 votes) Translation Find a translation for Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis in other languages: Select another language: - Select - 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified) However, the use of heavy water (D2O) rather than normal water H2O for leaching Synroc provides an unambiguous signal in ERDA measurements. Figure3: TypicalERDAspectrumhasonepeak,whichcorrespondstothekinematic factor K 1. Micro-Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (µERDA) is based on the same principles as ERDA. When a high‐energy heavy ion collides with a light adsorbate on a surface, the latter may recoil with substantial energy. This, however, can be done using a somewhat more sophisticated technique called the Recoil Time-of-Flight spectrometry (RToF). The availability and accuracy of backscattering cross-section and stopping power data for incident Li ions are reviewed, and energy broadening contributions due to detector resolution and energy loss straggling are discussed. Figure 1 shows ERD spectra for SYNROC leached for 5 days at 190°C after oven drying at 25°C, 100°C and 200°C, with an unleached sample for comparison. In 1976, a Canadian group described in detail for the first time a new ion beam analytical method based on the elastic recoil of target nuclei collided with high‐energy heavy incident ions. In the ensuing binary collisions with the sample?s constituents, recoiling atoms are ejected and are detected at a forward angle. Among the family of Ion Beam Analysis techniques for material characterization, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) exploits the spectroscopy of recoil nuclei moving under the impact of the ions of the beam. Browse other articles of this reference work: The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. This technique employs a high energy heavy ion beam to eject nuclei from the target and uses a time of flight and energy dispersive (ToF-E) detector telescope to detect these nuclei. So, in RBS we are detecting the energy loss of the primary particle. And today we are going to talk about yet another method utilizing almost the same tools. In this way, ERDA data are collected for each raster point on the surface. View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Hydrogen ions can substitute for cations by ion exchange processes, and the anhydrous Synroc phases may hydrate or hydroxylate. Using this technique (elastic recoil detection analysis or ERDA), we have determined the concentration of adsorbed ethylene (C 2 H 4) and ethylidyne (C 2 H 3) on Pt(111). (a). We have called the method Micro-scanned Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (mERDA). Light elements (e.g. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. This technique is well suited to light elements profiling, especially for hydrogen measurements which can be performed with usual helium-4 beams available in most facilities. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) If light elements in heavy substrates or elements lighter than the incident beam particles have to be analysed (e.g. - Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), elastic recoil detection - Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) - How to fabricate via ion implantation Part I: Ion-solid interactions 2 (1) elastic scattering (2) fast recoils arising from elastic scattering (3) steering effects due to the crystalline structure of target atoms In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy 4 He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near‐surface region of solids. One non-destructive technique for performing these measurements would be elastic recoil detection (ERD), if a detection scheme can be devised to separate detected 3 He from tritium while allowing measurement of other elements of interest, such as O. Up to mm --Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) 10-100 nm : 10 µm . Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): High-energy particles (4 He + or heavier ions) are used to knock-out protium (H- the most abundant isotope of hydrogen) or deuterium (D- an isotope of hydrogen) from samples as shown below in Fig. BxCyNzH or oxynitride layers on silicon, is performed. By using deuterated compounds, the ERDA technique can differentiate between these two isotopes of hydrogen and so provide an increased sensitivity. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) with heavy ion beams has evolved into a universal ion beam analysis (IBA) method for simultaneous analysis of almost all elements, with an essentially constant detection sensitivity. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) was used to measure the H contents of 18 synthetic Fo 90 olivines that had been hydrated to varying degrees in high pressure hydrothermal experiments. ERDA is a complementary method to RBS. This technique is well suited to light elements profiling, especially for hydrogen measurements which can be performed with usual helium-4 beams available in most facilities. This work briefly describes the basic principle of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. Lucas Heights NSW 2234, ANSTO - Melbourne Light element analysis in steel by high-energy heavy-ion time of flight elastic recoil detection analysis q Wan Honga, b,*, Shinjiro Hayakawaa, Kuniko Maedac, Shigekazu Fukudac, Yohichi Gohshia aUniversity of Tokyo, 3-1, Hongo 7 chome, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan bKorea Institute of Geology, Mining & Materials (KIGAM), 305-350, Yusung-ku Kajeong-dong, Taejeon, South Korea Detection of low Z recoils (C, N, O) from scattering of high energy alpha particles (10-15 MeV) is compared with conventional ERDA with heavy ion projectiles. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. van Ijzendoorn . View Academics in Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis on Academia.edu. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis With He Ions simulations and applications to materials analysis Lucien Jaegers VDF/NK 94-15 Cyclotron Laboratory Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. The development of detection devices and the analytical capabilities offered by high‐energy heavy‐ion‐induced ERDA in material sciences for profiling light, medium, and high mass number elements give this method a wide area in which to progress. Such has been the case in leaching studies of SynrocC at ANSTO. AIM OF PROJECT 2. The sample to be analyzed is irradiated with an ion beam (e.g. Knowing the all the atoms have their signature band structure on can use that knowledge to identify the elements with AES and EDS methods. Bulk : Neutron reflectivity. 800 Blackburn Rd, Berger, Pascal; Raepsaet, Caroline; Khodja, Hicham; (2016) Publisher: Springer; Identifiers: doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22792-4; Subject: Ion Beam Analysis | Hydrides | Proton Conductors | [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry | Elastic Recoil | Zircaloy | DLC films | SiGe multilayers | Hydrogen | … The only difference is that the ion beam is focussed to a small spot size which is then raster-scanned across the sample surface. La technique ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis) Lors du phénomène de diffusion Rutherford décrit précédemment, si le noyau incident est plus lourd que l’atome cible avec lequel il interagit, c’est ce dernier qui est projeté vers l’avant. The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Scattering of the primary particle and recoiling necessarily occur simultaneously. Studies of the hydrogen content and profiles of surfaces can be difficult in some cases, due to the pickup of atmospheric moisture by the sample causing an unwanted hydrogenous background. First Online: 20 February 2018. So, we are finished now with RBS. An AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber for use in solar-thermal applications has been deposited onto copper substrate by electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporation at room temperature. In: The Surface Science Society of Japan (eds) Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. The Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (or ERDA) method is one of many techniques for measuring hydrogen within the lattice. Working off-campus? Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) was used to measure the H contents of 18 synthetic Fo 90 olivines that had been hydrated to varying degrees in high pressure hydrothermal experiments. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an Ion Beam Analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films.wikipedia. ERDA Elastic recoil detection analysis FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FWHM Full width at half maximum HI-ERDA Heavy (incident) ion elastic recoil detection analysis HRBS High-resolution RBS (magnetic spectrometer) IBA Ion beam analysis LE-CVD Low energy plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition LEIS Low energy ion scattering MBE Molecular beam epitaxy MCP Micro-channel plate … In this technique, an incident ion beam is directed at a grazing angle onto the sample's surface. International audience; Among the family of Ion Beam Analysis techniques for material characterization, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) exploits the spectroscopy of recoil nuclei moving under the impact of the ions of the beam. New Illawarra Rd, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is a complementary technique to Rutherford Backscattering. The scattering process. Find out what is the most common shorthand of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis on Abbreviations.com! Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. Elastic collisions provide chemical information, i.e. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) with lithium ions are compared to using helium ions. We give the results of a study using Monte Carlo ion interaction codes to simulate and optimize elastic recoil detection analysis for {sup 3}He buildup in tritide films. Scattering of the primary particle and recoiling necessarily occur simultaneously. renu_dhunna@yahoo.co.in This is elastic recoil detection. It is clear that both K, and K, are functions of the mass ratio M,/M, and the angles (o and 19. The number of recoil particles is a direct measure of the adatom concentration. The H and the D peaks are centred at channel numbers of about 230 and 340 respectively. Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HIERDA) is an analytical technique which has undergone rapid development in the past few years with the availability of high-energy Tandem accelerators for materials science applications. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. Two different codes were used. Micro-Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (µERDA) is based on the same principles as ERDA. While RBS is a way sensitive to heavy elements, ERDA is effective to quantify light elements, particularly for hydrogen. The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Spectroscopy. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 4 hours to complete. ERDA has rapidly been revealed to be an excellent alternative to resonant nuclear reaction spectrometry (see Nuclear Reaction Analysis) for hydrogen determination in solids. Elastic recoil detection P Figure 1. Academic & Science » Electronics. Spectrometry of these forward recoiled atoms gives rise to the quantitative depth profiling of these species in the sample. The leach rates themselves decrease with leaching time so that after more than a year at a temperature of ~ 150°C, only a fraction of a micron of a Synroc surface is altered. To accurately characterise these materials Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is being developed. In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy 4 He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near surface region of solids. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. The elastic recoil detection (ERD) by using a 2.0—2.5MeV 4 He ,ion beam has been employed to detect the depth profiling of hydrogen in the Silicon oxide and silicon nitride films.The correlation between the hydrogen content and the deposition condition is given.Maximum probing depth,detection limit and depth resolution are discussed under our experiment conditions. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA)was used tomeasure the H contents of 18 synthetic Fo90 olivines that had been hydrated to varying degrees in high pressure hydrothermal experiments. Week 3. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis of FeN thin films. The method is based on the detection and identification of recoiling A calculation of the depth penetration and abundance of D in the sample dried at room temperature resulted in a best fit of 0.6 at.% being uniformly distributed to  a depth of 15 nm. The effect of high temperature thermal annealing on the retainment and diffusion behaviour of iodine (I) and silver (Ag) both individually and co-implanted into 6H … That is the recoil particle, the M2. hydrogen profiling) the recoiling target atoms can be detected in a grazing angle geometry. Learn about our remote access options, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique — Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, University of Jyväskylä, Department of Physics, Finland. VAN DER GRAAFF ACCELERATOR 3. Learn more. Unlimited viewing of the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures. In this technique, an incident ion beam is directed at a grazing angle onto the sample's surface. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) is one of the most promis-ing methods for the determination of light elements in solid-state samples, especially when information along with depth is required. For the first time, Hydrogen may now be imaged in three dimensions to levels of 100 ppm. Submonolayer sensitivity and depth resolution in the nm range is obtained. He, C or O ions) of several MeV energy. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Elastic recoil detection analysis with alpha-particles Citation for published version (APA): Maas, A. J. H. (1998). The only difference is that the ion beam is focussed to a small spot size which is then raster-scanned across the sample surface. Part of book or chapter of book English OPEN. Elastic recoil detection P Figure 1. This work briefly describes the basic principle of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. Spectrometry of these forward recoiled atoms gives rise to the quantitative depth profiling of these species in the sample. Hello and welcome to the methods of surface analysis online video course. box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands Prof. dr. M.J.A. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. In ERDA, different elemental spectra superimpose on each other, and it is, therefore, difficult to sort these separate masses so as to provide unambiguous data on the different elemental depth profiles. Heavy ion elastic recoil detection and nuclear reaction analysis in studies of nitrogen-15 transport marker in tokamaks By P. Petersson, M. Rubel, G. Possnert, S. Brezinsek, A. Experiments are carried out with the ion beam analysis technique Elastic Recoil Detection using … Atoms that are lighter than the incident ion recoil with higher energy than that of forward scattered ions are therefore easier to detect. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, 3. Neutron diffraction. Authors; Authors and affiliations; Daiichiro Sekiba; Chapter. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. The ceramic is very leach resistant in aqueous media, but this leach resistance makes it very difficult to study the detailed mechanisms of aqueous dissolution. Important parameters to be optimized would be the sensitivity to each element, depth resolution, and the depth to which the analysis is … It is used principally as a method for measuring hydrogen in thin layers, and in the near-surface region of materials. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) When a MeV He ion beam incident on a sample with H and D, the H and D in the sample will be scattered in the forward direction. It is clear that both K, and K, are functions of the mass ratio M,/M, and the angles (o and 19. Looking for the abbreviation of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis? It is therefore interesting to compare the values for Ks and IC, at various detection angles as a function of the considered mass ratio. (b). These methods use an electron beam as primary. In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy 4He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near‐surface region of solids. Find out what is the most common shorthand of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis on Abbreviations.com! Looking for the abbreviation of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis? If you have previously obtained access with your personal account, please log in. Week. Download a three dimensional image of a collimated hydrogen implant ! PRINCIPLE OF … Atoms with a mass lighter than that of the incident ion beam will pass through and be detected. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) with very heavy ion beams such as 197 Au or 209 Bi has evolved into a universal IBA technique for simultaneous analysis of almost all elements, with essentially constant detection sensitivity. Electron Diagnostics. Different samples were annealed at different temperatures in HIERDA has found Training test 30m. The ready availability of low energy helium beams from small accelerators quickly made ERDA a popular technique for the determination of hydrogen in solids, and studies of polymer interdiffusion. Among the family of Ion Beam Analysis techniques for material characterization, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) exploits the spectroscopy of recoil nuclei moving under the impact of the ions of the beam. The scattering process. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a6205.pub2. 2 Citations; 379 Downloads; Abstract. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. de Voigt Dr. L.J. elastic recoil detection analysis Forward recoil scattering Hydrogen forward scattering. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) exploits target atom recoil in the forward direction (for example, 5° to 45°) following an interaction with a heavier high-energy incident ion. The sensitivity for heavy elements is of the order 1014 atoms/cm2 THANK YOU AIM OF PROJECT Analysis of contents and depth distribution of different elements in the near surface layers of solids using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) OUTLINE 1. So, if you remember the kinematic scheme from RBS, we have two particles — the impinging one and the target particle. In this way, ERDA data are collected for each raster point on the surface. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an Ion Beam Analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. Two different codes were used. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is another ion beam analysis that is used to depth profile light elements, most commonly, H or D. The technique uses a high-energy (MeV) ion beam to bombard the sample surface. In this case, 25–40‐MeV 35Cl impinged on a multilayer C or Cu (backing)/LiF or LiOH/Cu (30–150 nm)/LiF or LiOH and H, Li, O, and F recoiled atoms were detected. Particle Accelerators for Medicine & Industry Material Analysis 7 M. Döbeli, Pruhonice 2001 2.) If two or more lighter elements are in the target (in this case vitreous graphite sample), their peak is found at di erent … The difference in deuterium content after drying at lower temperatures presumably reflects weakly sorbed D, while that surviving at the higher temperatures probably represents deutroxylated species. Typical leach rates in water of the more soluble waste fission products and the matrix ions are less than about 0.1 g/m2/day at boiling water temperatures. Elastic recoil detection analysis with alpha-particles. It is therefore interesting to compare the values for Ks and IC, at various detection angles as a function of the considered mass ratio. ERDA is the complementary technique to RBS and is used mainly for profiles of very light ions such as hydrogen or deuterium in … In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy 4 He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near‐surface region of solids. So, if you remember the kinematic scheme from RBS, we have two particles — the impinging one and the target particle. With these very low leach rates, the ambient hydrogenous background can easily mask out surface alteration effects. NRA technique at ANSTO has also been applied in a variety of other studies, such as the manufacture of amorphous hydrogenated silicon solar cells, and segregation in deuterated block copolymers. One of the most useful ion-beam techniques developed for quantitative analysis and depth profiling of light elements in surface layers and thin films is elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). These names are listed below. ... Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) Particle Recoil Detection (PRD) Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) A thin filter, typically mylar, is placed in front of the detector to stop and block-out the elastically scattered incident ion beam, which would otherwise overload and quickly destroy the detector. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an ion beam analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. Recoils and scattered a particles are separated using pulse shape discrimination or coincidence methods. The advantage of this method is the ability to map exactly the hydrogen distribution. The Oxford microprobe at the Schonland Research Centre has the ability to perform a micro-scanned analysis of this hydrogen. The entry of Synroc ions into aqueous media, however, is not the only process taking place during dissolution. Rbs, we have two particles — the impinging one and the target particle mm -- nuclear Analysis. Could not be avoided processes, and the depth resolution in the near-surface region materials... Analysis 7 M. Döbeli, Pruhonice 2001 2. Reaction Analysis ( ERDA ) is a complementary technique Rutherford! Collisions with the sample Analysis 7 M. Döbeli, Pruhonice 2001 2. from RBS, have. This work briefly describes the basic principle of Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis ( ERDA ): ERDA effective! Detected in a grazing angle onto the sample to be analyzed is irradiated with an ion is! 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